Scaphoid fractures and nonunions: diagnosis and treatment

BACKGROUND Scaphoid fractures are commonly seen in orthopedic practice. An organized and thoughtful approach to diagnosis and treatment can facilitate good outcomes. However, despite optimal treatment, complications may ensue. In the setting of nonunion or an avascular proximal pole, vascularized bone grafting may be needed. METHODS AND RESULTS In this article we review the literature regarding these injuries and describe an approach to diagnosis, treatment, and management of scaphoid fractures and nonunions. CONCLUSION Scaphoid fractures and nonunions may present as challenging problems in practice, but a systematic and deliberate approach can facilitate optimal results.